Rhetoric   

always try, for your sake, to do what he takes to be good for you. The
man towards whom many feel thus has many friends; if these are worthy
men, he has good friends.
'Good luck' means the acquisition or possession of all or most, or the
most important, of those good things which are due to luck. Some of
the things that are due to luck may also be due to artificial
contrivance; but many are independent of art, as for example those
which are due to nature-though, to be sure, things due to luck may
actually be contrary to nature. Thus health may be due to artificial
contrivance, but beauty and stature are due to nature. All such good
things as excite envy are, as a class, the outcome of good luck. Luck
is also the cause of good things that happen contrary to reasonable
expectation: as when, for instance, all your brothers are ugly, but
you are handsome yourself; or when you find a treasure that everybody
else has overlooked; or when a missile hits the next man and misses
you; or when you are the only man not to go to a place you have gone
to regularly, while the others go there for the first time and are
killed. All such things are reckoned pieces of good luck.
As to virtue, it is most closely connected with the subject of Eulogy,
and therefore we will wait to define it until we come to discuss that
subject.
Part 6
It is now plain what our aims, future or actual, should be in urging,
and what in depreciating, a proposal; the latter being the opposite of
the former. Now the political or deliberative orator's aim is utility:
deliberation seeks to determine not ends but the means to ends, i.e.
what it is most useful to do. Further, utility is a good thing. We
ought therefore to assure ourselves of the main facts about Goodness
and Utility in general.
We may define a good thing as that which ought to be chosen for its
own sake; or as that for the sake of which we choose something else;
or as that which is sought after by all things, or by all things that
have sensation or reason, or which will be sought after by any things
that acquire reason; or as that which must be prescribed for a given
individual by reason generally, or is prescribed for him by his
individual reason, this being his individual good; or as that whose
presence brings anything into a satisfactory and self-sufficing
condition; or as self-sufficiency; or as what produces, maintains, or
entails characteristics of this kind, while preventing and destroying
their opposites. One thing may entail another in either of two
ways-(1) simultaneously, (2) subsequently. Thus learning entails
knowledge subsequently, health entails life simultaneously. Things are
productive of other things in three senses: first as being healthy
produces health; secondly, as food produces health; and thirdly, as
exercise does-i.e. it does so usually. All this being settled, we now
see that both the acquisition of good things and the removal of bad
things must be good; the latter entails freedom from the evil things
simultaneously, while the former entails possession of the good things
subsequently. The acquisition of a greater in place of a lesser good,
or of a lesser in place of a greater evil, is also good, for in
proportion as the greater exceeds the lesser there is acquisition of
good or removal of evil. The virtues, too, must be something good; for
it is by possessing these that we are in a good condition, and they
tend to produce good works and good actions. They must be severally
named and described elsewhere. Pleasure, again, must be a good thing,
since it is the nature of all animals to aim at it. Consequently both
pleasant and beautiful things must be good things, since the former
are productive of pleasure, while of the beautiful things some are
pleasant and some desirable in and for themselves.
The following is a more detailed list of things that must be good.
Happiness, as being desirable in itself and sufficient by itself, and
as being that for whose sake we choose many other things. Also
justice, courage, temperance, magnanimity, magnificence, and all such
qualities, as being excellences of the soul. Further, health, beauty,