The Athenian Constitution   

and ten from the interior. These he called trittyes; and he assigned
three of them by lot to each tribe, in such a way that each should
have one portion in each of these three localities. All who lived in
any given deme he declared fellow-demesmen, to the end that the new
citizens might not be exposed by the habitual use of family
names, but
that men might be officially described by the names of their demes;
and accordingly it is by the names of their demes that the Athenians
speak of one another. He also instituted Demarchs, who had the same
duties as the previously existing Naucrari,-the demes being made to
take the place of the naucraries. He gave names to the demes, some
from the localities to which they belonged, some from the persons
who founded them, since some of the areas no longer corresponded to
localities possessing names. On the other hand he allowed
every one to
retain his family and clan and religious rites according to
ancestral custom. The names given to the tribes were the ten
which the
Pythia appointed out of the hundred selected national heroes.

Part 22

By these reforms the constitution became much more democratic than
that of Solon. The laws of Solon had been obliterated by
disuse during
the period of the tyranny, while Cleisthenes substituted new
ones with
the object of securing the goodwill of the masses. Among
these was the
law concerning ostracism. Four year after the establishment of this
system, in the archonship of Hermocreon, they first imposed upon the
Council of Five Hundred the oath which they take to the present day.
Next they began to elect the generals by tribes, one from each
tribe, while the Polemarch was the commander of the whole army.
Then, eleven years later, in the archonship of Phaenippus
they won the
battle of Marathon; and two years after this victory, when the
people had now gained self-confidence, they for the first time made
use of the law of ostracism. This had originally been passed as a
precaution against men in high office, because Pisistratus took
advantage of his position as a popular leader and general to make
himself tyrant; and the first person ostracized was one of his
relatives, Hipparchus son of Charmus, of the deme of Collytus, the
very person on whose account especially Cleisthenes had enacted the
law, as he wished to get rid of him. Hitherto, however, he had
escaped; for the Athenians, with the usual leniency of the
democracy, allowed all the partisans of the tyrants, who had not
joined in their evil deeds in the time of the troubles to remain in
the city; and the chief and leader of these was Hipparchus. Then in
the very next year, in the archonship of Telesinus, they for
the first
time since the tyranny elected, tribe by tribe, the nine Archons by
lot out of the five hundred candidates selected by the demes, all
the earlier ones having been elected by vote; and in the same year
Megacles son of Hippocrates, of the deme of Alopece, was ostracized.
Thus for three years they continued to ostracize the friends of the
tyrants, on whose account the law had been passed; but in the
following year they began to remove others as well, including any
one who seemed to be more powerful than was expedient. The first
person unconnected with the tyrants who was ostracized was
Xanthippus son of Ariphron. Two years later, in the archonship of
Nicodemus, the mines of Maroneia were discovered, and the
state made a
profit of a hundred talents from the working of them. Some persons